std::vector<T,Allocator>::back

reference back();	(1)
const_reference back() const;	(2)

Returns a reference to the last element in the container.

If empty() is true, the behavior is undefined.

(until C++26)

If empty() is true:

(since C++26)

Reference to the last element.

Constant.

For a non-empty container c, the expression c.back() is equivalent to *std::prev(c.end()).

#include <cassert>
#include <vector>

int main()
{
    std::vector<char> letters{'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'};
    assert(letters.back() == 'd');
}

front	access the first element (public member function)
rbegincrbegin (C++11)	returns a reverse iterator to the beginning (public member function)
endcend (C++11)	returns an iterator to the end (public member function)