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Field data types

Each field has a field data type, or field type. This type indicates the kind of data the field contains, such as strings or boolean values, and its intended use. For example, you can index strings to both text and keyword fields. However, text field values are analyzed for full-text search while keyword strings are left as-is for filtering and sorting.

Field types are grouped by family. Types in the same family have exactly the same search behavior but may have different space usage or performance characteristics.

Currently, there are two type families, keyword and text. Other type families have only a single field type. For example, the boolean type family consists of one field type: boolean.

Common types

binary: Binary value encoded as a Base64 string.
boolean: true and false values.
Keywords: The keyword family, including keyword, constant_keyword, and wildcard.
Numbers: Numeric types, such as long and double, used to express amounts.
Dates: Date types, including date and date_nanos.
alias: Defines an alias for an existing field.

Objects and relational types

object: A JSON object.
flattened: An entire JSON object as a single field value.
nested: A JSON object that preserves the relationship between its subfields.
join: Defines a parent/child relationship for documents in the same index.
passthrough: Provides aliases for sub-fields at the same level.

Structured data types

Range: Range types, such as long_range, double_range, date_range, and ip_range.
ip: IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
version: Software versions. Supports Semantic Versioning precedence rules.
murmur3: Compute and stores hashes of values.

Aggregate data types

aggregate_metric_double: Pre-aggregated metric values.
histogram: Pre-aggregated numerical values in the form of a histogram.

Text search types

text fields: The text family, including text and match_only_text. Analyzed, unstructured text.
annotated-text: Text containing special markup. Used for identifying named entities.
completion: Used for auto-complete suggestions.
search_as_you_type: text-like type for as-you-type completion.
semantic_text: Used for performing semantic search.
token_count: A count of tokens in a text.

Document ranking types

dense_vector: Records dense vectors of float values.
sparse_vector: Records sparse vectors of float values.
rank_feature: Records a numeric feature to boost hits at query time.
rank_features: Records numeric features to boost hits at query time.

Spatial data types

geo_point: Latitude and longitude points.
geo_shape: Complex shapes, such as polygons.
point: Arbitrary cartesian points.
shape: Arbitrary cartesian geometries.

Other types

percolator: Indexes queries written in Query DSL.

Arrays

In Elasticsearch, arrays do not require a dedicated field data type. Any field can contain zero or more values by default, however, all values in the array must be of the same field type. See Arrays.

Multi-fields

It is often useful to index the same field in different ways for different purposes. For instance, a string field could be mapped as a text field for full-text search, and as a keyword field for sorting or aggregations. Alternatively, you could index a text field with the standard analyzer, the english analyzer, and the french analyzer.

This is the purpose of multi-fields. Most field types support multi-fields via the fields parameter.

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https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/8.17/mapping-types.html