Ada 2012 Reference Manual
6.1 Subprogram Declarations
A subprogram_declaration declares a procedure or function.
Syntax
This paragraph was deleted.
The optional parent_unit_name is only allowed for library units (see 10.1.1).
The sequence of characters in an operator_symbol shall form a reserved word, a delimiter, or compound delimiter that corresponds to an operator belonging to one of the six categories of operators defined in subclause 4.5.
parameter_and_result_profile ::=
[formal_part] return [null_exclusion] subtype_mark
| [formal_part] return access_definition
[formal_part] return [null_exclusion] subtype_mark
| [formal_part] return access_definition
parameter_specification ::=
defining_identifier_list : [aliased] mode [null_exclusion] subtype_mark [:= default_expression]
| defining_identifier_list : access_definition [:= default_expression]
defining_identifier_list : [aliased] mode [null_exclusion] subtype_mark [:= default_expression]
| defining_identifier_list : access_definition [:= default_expression]
mode ::= [in] | in out | out
Name Resolution Rules
A formal parameter is an object directly visible within a subprogram_body that represents the actual parameter passed to the subprogram in a call; it is declared by a parameter_specification. For a formal parameter, the expected type for its default_expression, if any, is that of the formal parameter.
Legality Rules
The parameter mode of a formal parameter conveys the direction of information transfer with the actual parameter: in, in out, or out. Mode in is the default, and is the mode of a parameter defined by an access_definition.
A default_expression is only allowed in a parameter_specification for a formal parameter of mode in.
A subprogram_declaration or a generic_subprogram_declaration requires a completion unless the Import aspect (see B.1) is True for the declaration; the completion shall be a body or a renaming_declaration (see 8.5). A completion is not allowed for an abstract_subprogram_declaration (see 3.9.3), a null_procedure_declaration (see 6.7), or an expression_function_declaration (see 6.8).
A name that denotes a formal parameter is not allowed within the formal_part in which it is declared, nor within the formal_part of a corresponding body or accept_statement.
Static Semantics
The profile of (a view of) a callable entity is either a parameter_profile or parameter_and_result_profile; it embodies information about the interface to that entity — for example, the profile includes information about parameters passed to the callable entity. All callable entities have a profile — enumeration literals, other subprograms, and entries. An access-to-subprogram type has a designated profile. Associated with a profile is a calling convention. A subprogram_declaration declares a procedure or a function, as indicated by the initial reserved word, with name and profile as given by its specification.
The nominal subtype of a formal parameter is the subtype determined by the optional null_exclusion and the subtype_mark, or defined by the access_definition, in the parameter_specification. The nominal subtype of a function result is the subtype determined by the optional null_exclusion and the subtype_mark, or defined by the access_definition, in the parameter_and_result_profile.
An explicitly aliased parameter is a formal parameter whose parameter_specification includes the reserved word aliased.
An access parameter is a formal in parameter specified by an access_definition. An access result type is a function result type specified by an access_definition. An access parameter or result type is of an anonymous access type (see 3.10). Access parameters of an access-to-object type allow dispatching calls to be controlled by access values. Access parameters of an access-to-subprogram type permit calls to subprograms passed as parameters irrespective of their accessibility level.
The subtypes of a profile are:
- For any non-access parameters, the nominal subtype of the parameter.
- For any access parameters of an access-to-object type, the designated subtype of the parameter type.
- For any access parameters of an access-to-subprogram type, the subtypes of the designated profile of the parameter type.
- For any non-access result, the nominal subtype of the function result.
- For any access result type of an access-to-object type, the designated subtype of the result type.
- For any access result type of an access-to-subprogram type, the subtypes of the designated profile of the result type.
The types of a profile are the types of those subtypes.
A subprogram declared by an abstract_subprogram_declaration is abstract; a subprogram declared by a subprogram_declaration is not. See 3.9.3, “Abstract Types and Subprograms”. Similarly, a procedure declared by a null_procedure_declaration is a null procedure; a procedure declared by a subprogram_declaration is not. See 6.7, “Null Procedures”. Finally, a function declared by an expression_function_declaration is an expression function; a function declared by a subprogram_declaration is not. See 6.8, “Expression Functions”.
An overriding_indicator is used to indicate whether overriding is intended. See 8.3.1, “Overriding Indicators”.
Dynamic Semantics
The elaboration of a subprogram_declaration has no effect.
NOTES
1 A parameter_specification with several identifiers is equivalent to a sequence of single parameter_specifications, as explained in 3.3.
2 Abstract subprograms do not have bodies, and cannot be used in a nondispatching call (see 3.9.3, “Abstract Types and Subprograms”).
3 The evaluation of default_expressions is caused by certain calls, as described in 6.4.1. They are not evaluated during the elaboration of the subprogram declaration.
4 Subprograms can be called recursively and can be called concurrently from multiple tasks.
Examples
Examples of subprogram declarations:
procedure Traverse_Tree;
procedure Increment(X : in out Integer);
procedure Right_Indent(Margin : out Line_Size); -- see 3.5.4
procedure Switch(From, To : in out Link); -- see 3.10.1
procedure Increment(X : in out Integer);
procedure Right_Indent(Margin : out Line_Size); -- see 3.5.4
procedure Switch(From, To : in out Link); -- see 3.10.1
function Random return Probability; -- see 3.5.7
function Min_Cell(X : Link) return Cell; -- see 3.10.1
function Next_Frame(K : Positive) return Frame; -- see 3.10
function Dot_Product(Left, Right : Vector) return Real; -- see 3.6
function Find(B : aliased in out Barrel; Key : String) return Real;
-- see 4.1.5
function Next_Frame(K : Positive) return Frame; -- see 3.10
function Dot_Product(Left, Right : Vector) return Real; -- see 3.6
function Find(B : aliased in out Barrel; Key : String) return Real;
-- see 4.1.5
function "*"(Left, Right : Matrix) return Matrix; -- see 3.6
Examples of in parameters with default expressions:
procedure Print_Header(Pages : in Natural;
Header : in Line := (1 .. Line'Last => ' '); -- see 3.6
Center : in Boolean := True);
Header : in Line := (1 .. Line'Last => ' '); -- see 3.6
Center : in Boolean := True);
