Ada Reference Manual (Ada 2022)
5.4 Case Statements
A case_statement selects for execution one of a number of alternative sequences_of_statements; the chosen alternative is defined by the value of an expression.
Syntax
case_statement ::=
case selecting_expression is
case_statement_alternative
{case_statement_alternative}
end case;
case selecting_expression is
case_statement_alternative
{case_statement_alternative}
end case;
Name Resolution Rules
The selecting_expression is expected to be of any discrete type. The expected type for each discrete_choice is the type of the selecting_expression.
Legality Rules
The choice_expressions, subtype_indications, and ranges given as discrete_choices of a case_statement shall be static. A discrete_choice others, if present, shall appear alone and in the last discrete_choice_list.
The possible values of the selecting_expression shall be covered (see 3.8.1) as follows:
- If the selecting_expression is a name (including a type_conversion, qualified_expression, or function_call) having a static and constrained nominal subtype, then each non-others discrete_choice shall cover only values in that subtype that satisfy its predicates (see 3.2.4), and each value of that subtype that satisfies its predicates shall be covered by some discrete_choice (either explicitly or by others).
- If the type of the selecting_expression is root_integer, universal_integer, or a descendant of a formal scalar type, then the case_statement shall have an others discrete_choice.
- Otherwise, each value of the base range of the type of the selecting_expression shall be covered (either explicitly or by others).
Two distinct discrete_choices of a case_statement shall not cover the same value.
Dynamic Semantics
For the execution of a case_statement, the selecting_expression is first evaluated.
If the value of the selecting_expression is covered by the discrete_choice_list of some case_statement_alternative, then the sequence_of_statements of the _alternative is executed.
Otherwise (the value is not covered by any discrete_choice_list, perhaps due to being outside the base range), Constraint_Error is raised.
NOTE The execution of a case_statement chooses one and only one alternative. Qualification of the expression of a case_statement by a static subtype can often be used to limit the number of choices that can be given explicitly.
Examples
Examples of case statements:
case Sensor is
when Elevation => Record_Elevation(Sensor_Value);
when Azimuth => Record_Azimuth (Sensor_Value);
when Distance => Record_Distance (Sensor_Value);
when others => null;
end case;
when Elevation => Record_Elevation(Sensor_Value);
when Azimuth => Record_Azimuth (Sensor_Value);
when Distance => Record_Distance (Sensor_Value);
when others => null;
end case;
case Today is
when Mon => Compute_Initial_Balance;
when Fri => Compute_Closing_Balance;
when Tue .. Thu => Generate_Report(Today);
when Sat .. Sun => null;
end case;
when Mon => Compute_Initial_Balance;
when Fri => Compute_Closing_Balance;
when Tue .. Thu => Generate_Report(Today);
when Sat .. Sun => null;
end case;
case Bin_Number(Count) is
when 1 => Update_Bin(1);
when 2 => Update_Bin(2);
when 3 | 4 =>
Empty_Bin(1);
Empty_Bin(2);
when others => raise Error;
end case;
when 1 => Update_Bin(1);
when 2 => Update_Bin(2);
when 3 | 4 =>
Empty_Bin(1);
Empty_Bin(2);
when others => raise Error;
end case;
